This paper explores the intersection of spatiality, gender, and agency in Kundanika Kapadia’s seminal Gujarati novel, Seven Steps in the Sky (Sat Pagla Aakashma). Moving beyond purely Western spatial theories, this study employs a framework grounded in Indian feminist criticism and post-colonial theory—engaging with the works of Partha Chatterjee, Tanika Sarkar, and Michel Foucault. It argues that the domestic sphere in the novel functions not merely as a private dwelling but as the “inner domain” of cultural preservation, where the female subject is surveilled and silenced to maintain the sanctity of the patriarchal kula (clan). The paper analyses the protagonist Vasudha’s trajectory from the stifling enclosure of her marital home to the limitless expanse of the “sky”, interpreting this journey as a radical reclamation of the swadharma (self-duty) that transcends traditional domestic obligations.

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Many scholars affirm that syntax is a part of grammar. Some others illustrate it by saying that grammar is a book and syntax is a chapter of this book. This fact has attracted my attention to the extent that I attempt to answer the question: is it true that syntax is a part of grammar and grammar is not a part of syntax? To answer this question, I collected different ideas from scholars who write about grammar and syntax so as to analyze them. Therefore, this article aims at explaining that grammar is grammar and syntax is syntax although they share some common points. In general, sciences are interrelated. Although sciences are interrelated, each science distinguishes itself from other sciences by its properties, characteristics, methods, and subjects of study. Having this in mind, it is clear that grammar and syntax are interrelated and each of them is a particular discipline. This is to say that syntax is a discipline different from grammar which is also another discipline. A discipline cannot be a part of another discipline. If a discipline is a part of another discipline, therefore that discipline is not a discipline. It is not justifiable to say that syntax is a part of grammar and deny that grammar is not a part of syntax since a whole is made of parts. If syntax is a part, grammar is also a part. It means that grammar without syntax, grammar is no longer grammar because its part that makes a whole is missing. If this is true, syntax is a part of grammar, and grammar is a part of syntax. In fact, grammar and syntax are distinct disciplines.

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This document aims to assess the recovery of Mexico’s labour market following the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2020, the country experienced a significant decline in gross domestic product, the most severe since the crisis of 1982, which also had a profound impact on labor market conditions. The economy was heavily reliant on oil exports, and the country faced challenges due to low oil prices and a sharp increase in international interest rates, as it was one of the most indebted countries globally. The analysis in the document relies solely on official data and employs comparative statistical methods. The hypothesis posits that four years after the 2020 crisis, Mexico’s per capita GDP and most labor market indicators have not fully recovered to pre-pandemic levels. While the potential for recovery exists, various factors, including government actions and external conditions, have significantly altered the landscape. Internally, Mexico has implemented a range of social programs aimed at boosting basic incomes, albeit at the expense of capital investment and human capital development, particularly in education, training, health, capacity building, and science and technology. Externally, barriers to free trade and foreign investment have been erected, clouding Mexico’s short-term economic outlook.

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The 1960 UNESCO Resolution and the 1990 World Declaration on Education for All call for action to ensure equality in education and non-discrimination in access to learning opportunities for under-served groups. These documents have influenced national laws and policies worldwide, including the 1991 Constitution of Sierra Leone, which mandates the Government to guarantee equal educational opportunities for all citizens. The Government of Sierra Leone prioritizes education as a critical driver for national development through its Free Quality School Education (FQSE) policy. This paper examines the Government’s efforts to implement FQSE across the country. It provides a historical overview of education in Sierra Leone, explores educational system changes, and evaluates education policies over the years. The paper assesses the accessibility and enrollment of school-going children and analyzes the education sector’s problems and challenges. The research methods include questionnaires, interviews, observations, discussions, and secondary data from the internet and books. The data will be analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively, with recommendations to improve and strengthen education policies.

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