By nature, Indigenous Education is known as the traditional cum situational
knowledge. It is considered traditional because it is passed down from generation to
generation through various means, such as verbal instruction, trial and error, and hands-on
experience, achieved by being deeply involved in the natural atmosphere or situation.
Indigenous knowledge is grown and nurtured in a setting that is based on informal learning
that flows spontaneously from community life in which people are not outsiders or impartial
observers but a learning which is deeply embedded and embodied in the sense where
emotion, intuition, and sense of place and nature play the most vital role in imparting unique
strategies which assist in maintaining and sustaining the lives of the community. This
traditional approach of knowing creates a unique pedagogical content, i.e., ‘indigenous
pedagogy’, which is supported by the community and quite different from the conventional
hierarchical model. So, these indigenous knowledge practices help to make our educational
process more joyful and meaningful while enriching our curriculum content. If we want to
transform educational theory into more creative, prolific practice and experience, we must
bank on such a unique place-based alternative line of pedagogy as prevalent in tribal
communities. Here we would like to locate how such a vibrant learning process operates in
the Santhal community, which manages all dimensions of their lives in an integrated manner.
This creates the conception of ‘living classroom’ embedded with traditional food collection,
constructing building, and so on, that taken together compose an inclusive, natural, and
innovative way of doing things or ‘talim’. So the story of indigenous pedagogy of the Santhal
community is not artificial engineering or manipulative in a modern sense, but it reveals non-
competitive, yet resilient ways of life and survival because it is essentially a collaborative
exercise in which experiments derive from the core experience of living amidst nature.
Hence, indigenous pedagogy is at the centre of their lives, and vocations like agriculture,
animal husbandry, indigenous health care, traditional healing, indigenous fishing, nature

study, land resource management, collection of natural resources from the forest, and so on.
Thus Santhal community learns through trial and error, observing the natural facts through
introspection, and even observes the natural phenomena for a long time to understand and
interpret the ground reality through deep personal involvement.

The post Indigenous Knowledge for Environmental Sustainability: A Case Study on the Santhal Community appeared first on Boston Research Journals.

This study examines the Trump administration’s foreign policy as a complex strategy
that intertwines political ambitions with commercial interests, resulting in global
conflicts of interest. The authors employ a case study approach, policy analysis, and a
review of existing literature to explore the impact of Trump’s new orientations on
reconfiguring international geopolitics. The analysis focuses on global issues the] Transfer of Palestinians from Gaza Strip, Russian-Ukrainian War and the Precious
Metals Deal, The Rupture in The Transatlantic Alliance, and the Trade War with
China[.
The findings indicate that Trump’s policies, rooted in the pursuit of "Make America
Great Again" “MAGA” from a businessman’s perspective, are pushing the
geopolitical landscape to move at a rapid pace; it is likely to damage the US
relationships with its traditional allies while fostering closer cooperation between
Moscow and Beijing in countering American dominance. This approach, driven
predominantly by economic interests, poses a threat to international agreements and
destabilizes the global order—a system that the US played a pivotal role in shaping in
the aftermath of World War II and consolidating following the collapse of the Soviet
Union.

The post Trump’s New Strategy: Balancing Political Ambitions and Commercial Interests Within the Context of Redefining the Dynamics of Global Power appeared first on Boston Research Journals.

The present article aims to clarify the connectivity and complementarity of relative and universal affairs in international relations. Believing that, based on the “unity despite plurality” approach, it is possible to have one worldview despite the plurality of methods, it would be possible to have the basic, fixed, general, and universal principles, despite having secondary, multiple, diverse, numerous, changing, and specific models and rules.  The article tries to extrapolate the theory of « relative universality » developed by Jack Donnelly as regards the concept of human rights to the main concepts of IR such as sovereignty, State, power, security, gain, national interest, order and values. In response to the question of why the IR concepts are universal and absolute in their pivotal core as well as relative and contextual in their fluid, soft and gelatinous shell, the article concludes, through an explicative method, that it is due to the paradoxical nature of glocalization era in which the dialectics of unity in values and plurality in methods leads to the mutual dynamic interaction of particularity and generality in the framework of « relative universality

The post The Theory of Relative Universality in International Relations: Revisiting the Jack Donnelly Concept appeared first on Boston Research Journals.

The playwright, as other people can't stay unaffected to the quakes of progress in the public
arena. They witness the adjustment of society and intensely look for new devices to etch out their
viewpoints. All major playwrights have been impacted by certain authors and developments
whose dramatic craftsmanship mirrors their motivation. There were a few significant
conventional effects on the Indian playwrights like the impressions of people craftsmanship,
legends, Sanskrit drama, history as well as famous developments like the Bhakti development on
Indian dramatists. Imperialism, patriotism, industrialism, urbanization and westernization got
their separate responses in writing. European dramatists like Shakespeare, Henrik Ibsen, Sartre,
Shaw and Camus and developments like therapy, absurdism, existentialism, communism and
woman's rights motivated Indian dramatists. The paper concentrates on the effect of conventional
and western impacts on Indian dramatists, and how these variables changed the essence of Indian
Drama.

The post A Study Of Western Influences On Indian English Playwrights And Themes appeared first on Boston Research Journals.

The life of Malcolm X and his transformation is one of the notable occurrences of Black
American identity in the search for racial equivalence. The period that Malcolm X spent in
jail made him from an unruly boy to a Civil Rights leader. This intellectual enlightenment
profoundly shaped his view of race, identity, and institutionalized tyranny. For example,
prison literature developed as a hub on which he rebuilt his identity, sustained himself
through independent education and evolved towards a rational understanding of the intricate
aspects of Black identity in the United States. Significant to the investigation of prison
literature and its influence on the growth of Malcolm X, the role of literary works and
personal narratives for racial equality and comprehension should be taken into account with
the broader insinuations of the actions that took place.
Malcolm X is known as one of the supreme symbols in the African American community and
also as a Muslim minister. His beliefs significantly reformed during his entire lifetime. He

firmly advocated for Black Nationalism and separatism, where self-determination and the
autonomy of Black people were essential concepts. Malcolm X converted from Christianity
to Islam, which aimed for a political reformation, more than a religious faith. That intensely
influenced his thoughts about race and society during those years of his life. He said at this
stage that a necessary step to overcoming the deadly threat of racism meant organizing a
Black entity in an independent space, insisting that integration alone would not be enough.
Malcolm X’s exploration of Black identity within the prison system is marked by a profound
understanding of the connection between race and identity, significantly influencing his
literary bestowment. He learned the terrible reality behind systemic oppression inside the
penitentiary more deeply than had been possible outside, and this allowed him to build a
greater awareness of the crises encountered in America, thus inspiring action toward change
among Black Americans.

The post The Iconoclastic Conversion of Malcolm X: Trauma of Black Nationals Behind Prison Writings To Discover Black American Identity appeared first on Boston Research Journals.